日本经济英文介绍（关于日本的英文简介）

本文目录一览：

• 1、日本地理英文介绍 附带汉译
• 2、需要一篇关于日本的介绍(英文)
• 3、关于日本经济的英文原文
• 4、求英文版日本概况（包括政治经济文化历史等方面常识）
• 5、日本的介绍（英文）拜托翻译一下
• 6、日本用英语介绍外加汉语

日本地理英文介绍 附带汉译

Japan is located in Eastern Asia, but Japan is an island so it is in the North Pacific Ocean. 日本位于亚洲东部，它还是位于北太平洋西岸的一个岛国。

Japan has more than 1000 islands, but there are 4 main islands. Honshu is the largest island in Japan. It holds 80 percent of the population. The island also has the capital of Japan, Tokyo. Tokyo is also the largest city in Japan. Honshu also has the famous peak, Mount Fuji.and it is a inactive volcano.

日本有一千多个岛屿组成，但主要是四个岛，本州岛最大，日本百分之八十的人口都分布在这里，日本的首都东京也位于这个岛上。东京也是日本最大城市世界特大城之一。日本最高峰富士山也位于本州岛上。它是一座活火山。

Climate:

Due to the large North South extension of the country, the climate varies strongly in different regions. The climate in most of the major cities, including Tokyo, is temperate to subtropic and consists of four seasons. The winter is mild and the summer is hot and humid. There is a rainy season in early summer, and typhoons hit parts of the country every year during late summer. The climate of the northern island of Hokkaido and the Sea of Japan coast is colder, and snow falls in large amounts. In Okinawa, on the other hand, the mean temperature of January is a warm 17 degrees Celsius.由于日本南北跨纬度广，南北气候差别很大。大部分城市四季分明，冬季温暖夏季凉爽，降水较丰富。

There are a lot of earthquake that occur in Japan. Japan has lots of earthquakes because it Japan lies on an unstable part of the crust. When the crust moves it causes an earthquake. About 1000 earthquakes occur each year.日本每年都发生许多次地震，是因为日本位于环太平洋火山地震带上。Earthquakes also cause tsunamis. A tsunami is a huge wave, kind of a tidal wave. Typhoons are also a big factor in Japan. Since Japan is an island a lot of typhoons and hurricanes occur. They both occur in the summer. The heavy rains and winds usually destroy the crops.地震也引发海啸。

Massive rains occur in Japan occur a lot of times. The rain usually causes huge year totals. 日本也多台风暴雨。

The economy of Japan is the third largest in the world[5] after the United States and the People's Republic of China but ahead of Germany at 4th. According to the International Monetary Fund, the country's per capita GDP was at $32,608 or the 23rd highest in 2009.日本经济非常发达，国内生产总值仅次于美国和中国，居世界第三位。

需要一篇关于日本的介绍(英文)

Japan is a land of extremes, of ancient history and high-tech gadgets. Sushi, sake, sumo, samurai, geishas, gardens, bonsai, karate, kabuki and Zen are just some of the world-renowned icons of Japanese culture.

Ancient ritual and dynamic pop culture live and breathe side by side. You can spend weeks soaking up traditional culture from Japan’s many temples, kabuki theatre, tea ceremonies and extraordinary museums. If contemporary culture and high-technology is more your thing, you’ll find futuristic wonderlands in Japan’s captivating cities of shimmering skyscrapers, pumping discos, and spirited sake and sushi houses.

Home to over 127 million people, Japan’s emerald isles float along the eastern rim of the Asian continent, spreading for over 3,000 kilometres and accumulating nearly 30,000 kilometres of coastline. Ranging all the way from sub-arctic Hokkaido to sub-tropic Okinawa, the Japanese archipelago hosts a wide variety of flora and fauna. With a land mass slightly smaller than California or equivalent to Germany, Japan’s urban areas are the most densely populated in the world.

Japan consists of four major islands and around 3,900 smaller ones. The main islands are Hokkaido in the north, the large central island of Honshu (home of Tokyo), and the smaller southern islands of Shikoku and Kyushu. These dramatic islands are made up of steep mountains, deep verdant valleys, lakes and winding rivers flowing into large deltas and bustling harbours. Most of the country’s mountains are volcanic causing Japan to be one of the most seismically active regions of the world. However, serious earthquakes and tsunamis only occur several times in a century. For the most part, Japan registers only small tremors. From all this geological activity, the country is blessed with an abundance of healing hot springs and spectacular scenery.

Japanese is the official language of course, and many Japanese are able to understand some English to a certain extent since it is part of compulsory education. Trying out a few common Japanese phrases will make your trip even more special. A little bit goes a long way. However, you don't need to understand Japanese to enjoy Japan.

Japan was traditionally settled in 660 B.C., by various clans of indigenous people. Written history began in the 5th century A.D. and Buddhism was introduced from China in the 6th century. Rivalry between Buddhism and Shinto (Japan’s traditional religion) was defused by presenting Shinto deities as manifestations of Buddha. Today the two religions co-exist and are practiced peacefully, with many festivals and celebrations.

During a long feudal period between the 12th and 19th centuries, military power was held by the shoguns and samurais. Japan closed its borders, forbidding its citizens to leave and foreigners to enter. This national seclusion came to an end when shogun dominance was overthrown by the imperial power of Emperor Mutsuhito in 1868. Feudalism was abolished, and the country opened up to Western trade and industrial technology. Today Japan is highly industrialized and noted for its advanced technology.

The capital of Japan is Tokyo, a massive dazzling city where the old and the new collide into an endless array of exotic sights and sounds. With more than 12 million people, Tokyo radiates exuberant energy, offering fascinating and unique discoveries at every turn.

Kyoto is the cultural capital of Japan presenting a treasure of enchanting temples, immaculate gardens and the ancient Nijo Castle. If you overdose on temples, try feasting on some of the finest food in Japan or hiking through majestic mountain trails. Kyoto makes an excellent base in which to explore the surrounding cities of Osaka, Nara and the other regions of the Kansai Plains.

Osaka is one of Japan's largest cities and lies in the great Kansai Plains. Highly commercialized with fabulous shopping districts, Osaka is famous for its kabuki theatre, bunraku (a unique form of puppet theatre), Osaka Castle, hearty cuisine and down-to-earth people, revealing a sophisticated and lively atmosphere, especially at night.

Hokkaido is the second largest of the Japanese islands, but the least populated. As Japan’s northernmost island, snowfall is abundant, making it the main winter resort and sport area in Japan. The island’s capital of Sapporo hosted the 1972 Winter Olympics. Hokkaido's scenic beauty is preserved within several national parks, encompassing vast forests, rugged mountains and Japan’s second longest river, the Ishikari.

Okinawa is a group of tiny islands within the Ryukyu Island chain in south western Japan, surrounded by some of the clearest sea water in the world. With a welcoming subtropical climate, the Ryuku archipelago extends for over 1000 kilometres, home to an abundance of wildlife, dense forests, mountains, caves, coral reefs and the most beautiful beaches in Japan. Having historically been a separate nation, Okinawa’s language and culture differ considerably from mainland Japan, making it a fascinating place to visit.

Nagoya is a culturally rich 16th century fortress city on the main island of Honshu. Nagoya has many universities, the magnificent Nagoya Castle and two famous shrines, one of which houses the sacred imperial Kusanagi sword, along with thousands of national treasures. The Tokugawa Art Museum, Higashiyama Park, and an art museum partnered with the Boston Museum of Fine Arts are other attractions.

Yokohama is a large city 30 kilometres south of Tokyo on the shores of Tokyo Bay. As the birth place of Japan’s first railroad, Yokohama today is connected to Tokyo by several railway lines as well as numerous expressways. Almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake and fire in 1923, it was quickly rebuilt and modernized and is now a leading port and industrial centre. It is home to historical and tranquil Sankeien Garden, the Ramen Noodle and Curry Museum, and one of Japan’s tallest buildings, the Landmark Tower, standing at nearly 300 metres.

Fukuoka is a prosperous seaside city on the southern island of Kyushu, bordered by mountains and the Sea of Genkai. Less seismically active than other areas of Japan, Fukuoka is famous for its Hakata dolls, rich agriculture, universities, and three prominent shrines. Fukuoka Castle, Ohori Koen Park and one of the world’s tallest Ferris wheels, Sky Dream Fukuoka, are other notable landmarks of Fukuoka.

Visiting Japan can be enjoyable in every season of the year. Spring and autumn bring temperate weather and colourful foliage and flowers. Wintertime is ideal for enjoying winter sports and hot springs, while summer brings a plethora of fascinating festivals.

The climate varies from sub-arctic in the north to sub-tropic in the south. Rainfall varies across the nation but is quite regular year round and usually a bit heavier during summer and autumn.

关于日本经济的英文原文

Japan's economy in quarterly dive

Japan's economy contracted by 3.3% in the last quarter of last year - its worst showing since the oil crisis of the 1970s, official figures show.

The contraction means the economy shrank at an annual pace of 12.7% during the October to December period.

Economic Minister Kaoru Yosano said Japan faced its worst economic crisis since the end of World War II.

The slowdown in the world's second-biggest economy is steeper than that being experienced in the US or Europe.

Japan has been hit particularly hard by falling global demand for its products.

Exports, particularly of electronics and cars, have slumped and production has been slashed.

Consumers have cut back too, alarmed by rising unemployment.

"This is the worst economic crisis in the post-war era. There is no doubt about it," Mr Yosano said at a news conference.

"The Japanese economy, whose growth is heavily dependent on exports of automobiles, machinery, and IT equipment, was literally battered" by the global downturn, he said.

Mild reaction

However, Japan's stock market largely brushed off the latest economic news.

The Nikkei share index lost 0.4%, while the broader Topix rose 0.7%.

"People had been saying for some time that GDP would be bad, so while the market didn't welcome the numbers there was no excessive reaction," said Hiroaki Osakabe at Chibagin Asset Management.

How one Japanese worker is coping with the downturn

"The next quarter is likely to also be tough because consumption may well fall off."

Mr Yosano said the government would consider new stimulus measures to aid the economy.

"Japan alone won't be able to recover. The economy has no border. It is our responsibility to rebuild the domestic economy for other countries," he added.

Prime Minister Taro Aso is hampered in his response by a divided parliament and a fractious ruling party.

There were reports over the weekend that he is considering another stimulus package of government spending worth 20 trillion yen ($218bn; £152bn).

But the latest opinion poll has showed that fewer than 10% of people support the prime minister, who must call a general election by September.

求英文版日本概况（包括政治经济文化历史等方面常识）

【History】

The first signs of occupation on the Japanese Archipelago appeared with a Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC, followed from around 14,000 BC by the Jōmon period, a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture of pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of agriculture. Decorated clay vessels from this period, often with plaited patterns, are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world.[3][4][5]

The Yayoi period, starting around the third century BC, introduced new practices, such as wet-rice farming, iron and bronze-making and a new style of pottery, brought by migrants from China or Korea. With the development of Yayoi culture, a predominantly agricultural society emerged in Japan.[6][7][8][9]

The Japanese first appear in written history in China’s Book of Han. According to the Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku.

A middle Jōmon period vessel (3000 to 2000 BC).

A middle Jōmon period vessel (3000 to 2000 BC).

The Great Buddha in Kamakura (1252).

The Great Buddha in Kamakura (1252).

Japan was first introduced to Buddhism from Baekje of the Korean Peninsula, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism and Buddhist sculptures were primarily influenced by China.[10] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and eventually gained growing acceptance since the Asuka period.[11]

The Nara period of the eighth century marked the first emergence of a strong central Japanese state, centered around an imperial court in the city of Heijō-kyō, or modern day Nara. In addition to the continuing adoption of Chinese administrative practices, the Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent written literature with the completion of the massive chronicles Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720).[12] (Nara was not the first capital city in Japan, though. Before Nara, Fujiwara-kyō and Asuka served as capitals of the Yamato state.)

In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō for a brief ten-year period, before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern day Kyoto) in 794, where it remained for more than a millennium.[13] This marked the beginning of the Heian period, during which time a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and literature. Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of modern Japan's national anthem, Kimi ga Yo were written during this time.[14]

Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the rival Taira clan, Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed Shogun and established a base of power in Kamakura. After Yoritomo's death, the Hōjō clan came to rule as regents for the shoguns. Zen Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class. The Kamakura shogunate managed to repel Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, aided by a storm that the Japanese interpreted as a kamikaze, or Divine Wind. The Kamakura shogunate was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo, who was soon himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336.[15] The succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyo), and a civil war erupted (the Ōnin War) in 1467 which opened a century-long Sengoku period.[16]

During the sixteenth century, traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time, initiating active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West (Nanban trade).

Oda Nobunaga conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and firearms and had almost unified the nation when he was assassinated in 1582. Toyotomi Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga and united the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi invaded Korea twice, but following several defeats by Korean and Ming China forces and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1598.[17]

After Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized his position as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed shōgun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo). The Tokugawa shogunate enacted a variety of measures such as Buke shohatto to control the autonomous daimyo. In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period. The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued during this period through contacts with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku, or literally "national studies", the study of Japan by the Japanese themselves.[18]

On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Subsequent similar treaties with the Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought Japan into economic and political crises. The abundance of the prerogative and the resignation of the shogunate led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state unified under the name of the Emperor (Meiji Restoration). Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that embarked on a number of military conflicts to expand the nation's sphere of influence. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea, and the southern half of Sakhalin.[19]

The early twentieth century saw a brief period of "Taisho democracy" overshadowed by the rise of expansionism and militarization. World War I enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to expand its influence and territorial holdings. Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931. As a result of international condemnation for this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany, joining the Axis powers in 1941.[20]

In 1937, Japan invaded other parts of China, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan.[21] On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States naval base in Pearl Harbor and declared war on the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. This act brought the United States into World War II. After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, along with the Soviet Union joining the war against it, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15 (Victory over Japan Day).[22] The war cost Japan millions of lives and left much of the country's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, was convened by the Allies (on May 3, 1946) to prosecute Japanese leaders for war crimes such as the Nanking Massacre.[23]

In 1947, Japan adopted a new pacifist constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The Allied occupation ended by the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952[24] and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. Japan later achieved spectacular growth to become the second largest economy in the world, with an annual growth rate averaging 10% for four decades. This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. Positive growth in the early twenty-first century has signaled a gradual recovery.[25]

【Government and politics】

Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people.[26] The Emperor effectively acts as the head of state on diplomatic occasions. Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan. Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne.

Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The Diet consists of a House of Representatives, containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age,[2] with a secret ballot for all elective offices.[26] The liberal conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has been in power since 1955, except for a short-lived coalition government formed from opposition parties in 1993.[27] The largest opposition party is the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan.

The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government. The position is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet (the literal translation of his Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet") and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State, a majority of whom must be Diet members. Yasuo Fukuda currently serves as the Prime Minister of Japan.[28]

Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki. However, since the late nineteenth century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably France and Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on the German model. With post-World War II modifications, the code remains in effect in present-day Japan.[29] Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the rubber-stamp approval of the Emperor. The current constitution requires that the Emperor promulgates legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose the passing of the legislation.[26] Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.[30] The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the Six Codes.[29]

【Economy】

Close government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation among others have helped Japan become the second largest economy in the world,[51] after the United States, at around US$4.5 trillion in terms of nominal GDP[51] and third after the United States and China in terms of purchasing power parity.[52]

Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation and telecommunications are all major industries. Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest, leading and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and processed foods.[53] Construction has long been one of Japan's largest industries, with the help of multi-billion dollar government contracts in the civil sector. Distinguishing characteristics of the Japanese economy have included the cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks in closely-knit groups called keiretsu and the guarantee of lifetime employment in big corporations.[54] Recently, Japanese companies have begun to abandon some of these norms in an attempt to increase profitability.[55]

With a market capitalization of more than US$4 trillion, the Tokyo Stock Exchange is the second largest in the world.

With a market capitalization of more than US$4 trillion, the Tokyo Stock Exchange is the second largest in the world.

Japan is also home to some of the largest financial services companies, business groups and bank such as Sony, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi and Toyota. It is also home to the world's largest bank by asset, Japan Post Bank (US$3.2 trillion)[56] and others such as Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (US$1.2 trillion[57]), Mizuho Financial Group (US$1.4 trillion[58]) and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (US$1.3 trillion[59]). The Tokyo Stock Exchange with a market capitalization of over 549.7 trillion Yen as of December 2006 stands as the second largest in the world.[60]

From the 1960s to the 1980s, overall real economic growth has been called a "miracle": a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and a 4% average in the 1980s.[61] Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, largely because of the after-effects of over-investment during the late 1980s and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered in 2000 to 2001 by the deceleration of the global economy.[53] However, the economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005. GDP growth for that year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period.[62]

Because only about 15% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation,[63] a system of terrace farming is used to build in small areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area. However, Japan's small agricultural sector is also highly subsidized and protected. Japan must import about 50%[64] of its requirements of grain and fodder crops other than rice, and it relies on imports for most of its supply of meat. In fishing, Japan is ranked second in the world behind China in tonnage of fish caught. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch.[53] Japan relies on foreign countries for almost all oil and food.

Transportation in Japan is highly developed. As of 2004, there are 1,177,278 km (731,683 miles) of paved roadways, 173 airports, and 23,577 km (14,653 miles) of railways.[53] Air transport is mostly operated by All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Airlines (JAL). Railways are operated by Japan Railways Group among others. There are extensive international flights from many cities and countries to and from Japan.

Japan's main export partners are the United States 22.8%, China 14.3%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 6.8% and Hong Kong 5.6% (for 2006). Japan's main exports are transport equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals.[53] With very limited natural resources to sustain economic development, Japan depends on other nations for most of its raw materials; thus it imports a wide variety of goods. Its main import partners are China 20.5%, U.S. 12.0%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, UAE 5.5%, Australia 4.8%, South Korea 4.7% and Indonesia 4.2% (for 2006). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. Overall, Japan's largest trading partners are China and the United States.[65]

【Culture and recreation】

Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jōmon culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), traditions (games, tea ceremony, Budō, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a typically Japanese comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan.[89] Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have prospered since the 1980s.[90]

A traditional Japanese teahouse.

A traditional Japanese teahouse.

Japanese music is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth.[91] Western music, introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture. Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called J-pop.[92] Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity. A November 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as flower arranging or tea ceremony.[93]

The earliest works of Japanese literature include two history books the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki and the eighth century poetry book Man'yōshū, all written in Chinese characters.[94] In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative.[95] An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book written by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki is often described as the world's first novel. During the Edo period, literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the chōnin, the ordinary people. Yomihon, for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship.[95] The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, Tanizaki Jun'ichirō, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors — Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994).[95]

日本的介绍（英文）拜托翻译一下

「日本国」という国号は、日本列岛が中国や朝鲜半岛から见て东侧、つまり「日の本（ひのもと）」に位置することに由来していると考えられる。宪法の表题に「日本国宪法」や「大日本帝国宪法」と示されているが、国号を「日本国」と直接かつ明确に规定した法令は、存在しない。

「日本」という国号の成立时期は、7世纪后半から8世纪初头までの间と考えられる。この顷の东アジアは、618年に成立した唐が势力を拡大し、周辺诸国に强い影响を及ぼしていた。倭国も、従来の遣隋使を改めた遣唐使を送り、唐との外交関系を深めていた[1]。朝鲜半岛では、唐との连携を强めた新罗が急伸し、663年に唐・新罗连合军と百済・倭国连合军との间で起きた白村江の戦いに败れた百済が灭亡したのを受けた倭国は、统治や防卫の整备を推进した。その后、672年の壬申の乱を経て强い権力を握った天武天皇は、天皇を中心とする体制の构筑を更に进めた。そして、689年の飞鸟浄御原令から701年（大宝元年）の大宝律令へと至る。

このような情势の中で成立した「日本」号だが、具体的な成立の时点は、史料によって特定されていない。ただ、それを推定する见解は、二说に绞られる。まず一说は、天武天皇の治世（672年 - 686年）に成立したとする说である[2]。これは、この治世に成立したと解される「天皇」号と同时期に「日本」号も成立したとする见解である。例えば吉田孝は、689年の飞鸟浄御原令で「天皇」号と「日本」号と両方が定められたと推测する[3][4]。もう一说は、701年（大宝元年）の大宝律令の成立の前后に「日本」号が成立したとする说である[5]。例えば神野志隆光は、大宝令公式令诏书式で「日本」号が定められたとしている[6]。『日本书纪』の大化元年（645年）七月条には、高句丽・百済からの使者への诏に「明神御宇日本天皇」とあるが、今日これは、后に定められた大宝律令公式令を元に、『日本书纪』（720年（养老4年）成立）の编者が润色を加えたものと考えられている[7]。

日本（日文：日本国，前660年2月11日—）是位于亚洲大陆东岸外的太平洋岛国。 西、北隔东海、黄海、日本海、鄂霍次克海与中国、朝鲜、俄罗斯相望，东濒太平洋。领土由北海道、本州、四国、九州四个大岛和3900多个小岛组成。日本自20世纪60年代末期起一直是世界公认的第二号资本主义经济强国，实行君主立宪政体，被称为“日出之国”。日本为单一民族国家，国内大城市主要有东京、大阪和神户等。

日本用英语介绍外加汉语

日本位于亚洲东部的太平洋上，处于北纬30°～45°，东经123°～150°之间，西隔东海、黄海、朝鲜海峡，日本海与中国、朝鲜、韩国、俄罗斯相望。日本海岸线长3万多公里，多海湾和良港。属温带海洋性季风气候。6月多梅雨，夏秋季多台风。1月平均气温北部-6℃，南部16℃；7月北部17℃，南部28℃。日本的国名含义为“日出之国”，又有“樱花之国”（有300多个樱花品种）、“火山地震之邦”（全境有200多座火山，其中活火山约占1/3）的称号。

日本由北海道，本州，四国，九州，四个岛屿和南部的琉球群岛，小笠原群岛和北方四岛等3000多个岛屿组成，面积377800平方千米，相当于中国的1/26，与我国云南省面积相近。人口12560万，为世界人口密度最大的国家之一。居民多为大和族，唯一的少数民族是阿伊努族(虾夷人)。日本通用日语，信奉神道和佛教。 日本的首都东京，人口1256万零764人(截止2006年1月1日)，为全国政治、经济、文化中心。

日本的海岸线漫长曲折，多港湾，境内山地崎岖、河谷交错。山地占全国面积近80%。全国最高海拔为富士山，3776米。河流多短小，水量充沛。信浓川长367千米，利根川流域面积16840平方千米。多小而深的火口湖和泻湖，琵琶湖面积最大。属温和湿润的海洋性季风气候。冬无严寒，夏无酷暑。年平均降水量1000毫米以上。8~10月常遭台风袭击。矿种多，储量小。森林占总面积66%。地热和渔业资源丰富。

日本是世界经济大国。工业和国民经济生产总值均居世界前列。工业体系完整，工业结构为知识、技术密集型。农业实行机械化商品性生产，产品主要为稻米、小麦。渔业发达，捕鱼量位世界前茅。海运、航空、铁路、公路均极发达，铁路长47000千米，公路长117千米。

日本的重要城市有东京、横滨、大阪、名古屋。东京由关东地区的西南部和太平洋上的伊豆诸岛、小笠原诸岛这些岛屿部组成，是世界上人口最多的城市之一，也是生活着1100 多万人的日本首都。17 世纪初叶，德川家康将军在这里建立幕府，从那以后以“居城”江户城为中心，外围的市民城不断扩大，逐渐发展到今天的规模。受到1923年关东大地震、第二次世界大战等的影响，市区许多地方曾经化为一片废墟，然而不久又都重新修复起来。东京不仅是日本的政治、经济中心，还是世界经济、文化、产业的中心地。

Japan in the eastern part of the Asia Pacific, at latitude 30 ° ~ 45 °, longitude 123 ° ~ 150 ° between the West at the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, the Korea Strait, the Sea of Japan and China, North Korea, South Korea, Russia, the sea. Japan's long coastline of over 30,000 km, more than the Gulf and the port. Monsoon is a temperate maritime climate. More than the rainy season in June, more than summer and autumn typhoon. January average temperature in northern -6 ℃, the southern 16 ℃; 7月north of 17 ℃, the southern 28 ℃. Japan's country name meaning "sunrise of the country" and have "Sakura" (there are more than 300 cherry varieties), "volcanic earthquake of state" (throughout more than 200 volcanoes, active volcanoes which accounts for about 1 / 3 ) Of the title.

Japan from Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, the four islands and south of the Ryukyu Islands and the Ogasawara Islands and the four northern islands, such as more than 3,000 islands, covering 377,800 square kilometres, China's equivalent to 1 / 26, and China's Yunnan Of similar size. Population 125.6 million, the world's largest population density of one of the countries. For many residents and the people, the Ainu is the only minority group (shrimp Yiren). Japan generic Japanese, Shinto and Buddhist belief. Japan's capital Tokyo, the population of 12.56 million people and 764 (as of January 1, 2006), as a national political, economic and cultural center.

Japan's long coastline tortuous, multi-Harbour, in the rugged mountains, valleys staggered. Mountain area of the nation's nearly 80 percent. Mount Fuji is the highest elevation, 3,776 meters. Rivers and more short, with plenty of water. Shinano River 367 km long, the Tone River basin area of 16,840 square kilometres. Many small and deep fire Kouhu and lagoon, the largest area of Lake Biwa. Is a mild and humid maritime monsoon climate. No cold winter and summer without the heat. The average annual rainfall over 1,000 mm. 8 to October often the typhoon attack. Ores, small reserves. Of the total forest area of 66%. Geothermal and rich fishing resources.

Japan is the world's economic powers. Industry and the national economy's GDP rank highest in the world. Complete industrial system, the industrial structure for the knowledge-and technology-intensive. Implementation of mechanized agriculture commodity production, products mainly rice and wheat. Fisheries developed, the fishing capacity of the world's forefront. Maritime, aviation, railways, highways are very developed, 47,000 km long railway, highway 117 kilometres long.

Japan's major cities are Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka and Nagoya. Tokyo Kanto region from the southwest and the Pacific on the Izu islands, the Ogasawara islands, the islands of the composition, is the world's most populous cities, is home to more than 11 million people in the capital of Japan. The beginning of the 17th century, the establishment of Ieyasu Tokugawa shogunate General here, since then "castle" Edo City as the center, the external public growing city, gradually developed into today's scale. By the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake, such as the impact of the Second World War, many urban areas have turned into a ruin, but soon also have to repair it. Tokyo is Japan's political and economic center, or the world economy, culture, industry center.